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1996
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Philippe Pons, « Ordre marginal dans le Japon moderne (XVIIe-XXe siècle). Les voyous canalisateurs de l'errance », Annales, ID : 10.3406/ahess.1996.410909
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Social Order of Lower Classes in Modern Japan (17th-20th Centuries). Mobs and Control of Vagrants. P. Pons. In this panorama of the lower classes of the society, the author tries to show the role of mobs as a structuring factor in these segments of the population. With the rapid development of the cities during the Tokugawa period and the increase of urban construction hired laborers became to be more numerous and were largely controlled by people connected to mobs and gamblers with a de facto delegation of the government. For a brief period in the 19th century mobs could have been involved in movements of social revolt and to a certain extent could be perceived as "social bandits" but from the begining of the century they moved to a "patriotic gangsterism" and contributed to the repression of the left. In Modern Japan, gangsters continued to play a role of auto-regulation of the marginal element of the society.