Electoral Competition at the Subnational Level. Emeralds and Politics in Colombia, 1997-2015

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Objective/context: This article is part of a special edition of Colombia Internacional: “Transformaciones de los sistemas partidarios en América Latina” (Party system transformations in Latin America). It explains the transition from closed, non-competitive party systems to competitive party systems in Colombian emerald municipalities from the late 1990s until 2015. Methodology: We use a subnational approach within a unitary system to test a body of literature that has focused almost exclusively on federal countries. Furthermore, we show the importance of building bridges between the literature on subnational authoritarianism and that of rentier economies to analyze the Colombian case. Our analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative information: electoral data, interviews with key informants, observation and analysis of local and regional newspapers. Conclusions: Electoral competition in Colombian municipalities is heterogeneous, leading to different types of trajectories. Focusing on our case study in the Western province of the Boyacá department, Colombia, we argue that competitive systems emerged when local hegemonic elites lost economic and political power as a result of the emerald business’ decline. The configuration of competitive systems was therefore an effort by opposition parties to gain political power in contexts where local patrones (political bosses) were challenged by unexpected structural conditions, and by opposition leaders that took advantage of that situation. Originality: Although recent literature shows the Colombian party system has changed towards more competitive elections, these processes do not follow the same paths, nor do they share the same characteristics across the country. We focus on an insufficiently-studied region as a vehicle for understanding the way structure and strategy interact in specific electoral contexts: mining-dependent local economies.