June 30, 2023
Confidential until : 2024-10-10 , http://theses.fr/Confidential
Léa Macias, « An Anthropology of Digital Humanitarianism in the Zaatari Refugee Camp in Jordan », Theses.fr, ID : 10670/1.149141...
This thesis focuses on the practices and effects of data collection in the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan. After 19 months of participant observation as an evaluation officer for a humanitarian organisation in this camp, several ethnographic fields were conducted in order to understand the issues related to the collection of "data" in the management and development of Zaatari camp. This thesis is the result of several years of fieldwork which aims to account for the practices and effects of the digitisation of the humanitarian system, understood as the set of projects and operations carried out in the camp by a multitude of actors such as international organisations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), both international and local, on the scale of a closed space, that of the refugee camp.The central question it seeks to answer is: what are the effects of the digitalisation of humanitarian aid on the management of refugee camps as a space for governance and interaction between aid actors and recipients? Three areas of 'humanitarian government' (Agier, 2008) are examined. The first concerns the nature of the data produced, by which actors and how? The second concerns the use of this data. How are these data mobilised in the camp and what effects does this have on humanitarian work, the camp space and their interactions with the refugees? Finally, the third questions the camp as a space with a protection mandate that becomes a controlled space, a space of experimentation and a potential digital danger for refugees: what is the digital protection of refugees in the camp? The answer to this question will be given in nine chapters, organised in three parts. The first part will be devoted to a description of the different types of data collected in the camp: biometric data, needs assessment data and finally monitoring and evaluation data. In this first part of the thesis, I attempt to produce an ethnography of the data collection that takes place in the refugee camp and question the place of data collection in the camp as a real mode of communication between the humanitarian workers and the refugees.The second part of this thesis continues on the effects that these humanitarian data have on the camp, the humanitarian operations that are carried out there and of course the refugees who live there. This second part details the tools used to collect humanitarian data and the consequences for the camp: a remote management of this closed humanitarian space. The role of these tools in the management of the space and of the refugees living in the camp will be questioned in the daily digital practices of the humanitarians and the refugees. Finally, the last part of this thesis questions the following paradox: the refugee camp is under the protection mandate of the UNHCR, yet the data collection and use practices described in the first and second parts of this thesis make it a space for experimenting with new technologies, sometimes without knowing the dangers and risks for people who have no choice but to comply with the humanitarian assistance processes proposed to them. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that the use of data creates a mode of governance in the camp, at a distance, while placing local humanitarian workers and refugees in a situation of surveillance and potential digital danger. This research focuses on the complexity of this paradoxical distancing from the field through the mobilisation of information and communication technologies. By analysing the discourses and practices of refugees and humanitarians in a particular closed space, that of the Zaatari camp, but also by observing the circulation of people, discourses and innovations, can we grasp the global effects of the digitalisation of humanitarianism in the 21st