December 2, 2019
info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
Romain Zanolli, « A proposal for a legal theory of money based on the French legal device of "cours legal" (and a comparison with legal tender) », HALSHS : archive ouverte en Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société, ID : 10670/1.73jgpv
The monetary changes that have been taking place since the turn of the twenty-first century fuel a renewal of monetary thought. This renewal relies mainly on more legally enforceable rules: the European Union's single currency, the invention of electronic money, the adoption of new monetary rules (payment services...). These rules are so scatted and so abstract that they call for a proposal of a legal theory of money soundly based on the French concept of "cours" ("have currency"). In this theory, we define the objects of the « current money » legal devices (currency) before accessing their regime. Legal sciences have the advantage of being accustomed to articulating facts and law. In the monetary field, such logic leads to a strict separation between the monetary phenomenon which belongs to facts (a "total social fact" according to Durkheim) and its emergence in society through law. Money is thus the product of a normative process formalized by the monetary sovereign. Traditionally, monetary rules are sorted out into two categories: abstract money rules that allow for the definition of the unit of account, and concrete money rules that organize the issuing and circulation of a plurality of monetary objects. Yet, even if the use physical monies is constantly decreasing, they remain the only referent for the rules of money. In order to allow immaterial objects to have currency, a distinction needs to be made between the promise (the claim, and the debt) and the surrender of monies (funds). Such a demonstration needed a rebuttal of the thesis of some contemporary authors that consider immaterial monies as debt. Immaterial monies that had been conceived with the civil law tradition of thought, can now emerge as true monies. The French cours legal differs from the common law legal tender because the latter is mainly a contract law institution while as the former is a monetary law. Understanding how these immaterial currencies function in law is the next step. Indeed, in legal terms, currencies work on the basis of a triptych: the funds, the intangible bodies of the currency, are stored on a monetary device (i.e. account) and transferred from one device to another by means of an order given by a payment instrument (i.e. card, direct credit or debit). From then on, the differentiation between physical and immaterial currencies is due to the dissociable nature of funds and devices. Funds are definitely incorporated in physical devices while as they are only temporarily stored in immaterial ones. To say that monies have "cours legal" (have currency) would be a tautology since cours and current have very close meanings. The wording in force since the adoption of the first cours legal provisions in the 1810 French Penal Code shows that two functions are served: the first lays down the rule for defining and issuing currencies and the second subject them to rules of usage (or how they circulate). This fundamental dichotomy provided by the "cours legal" rules allows to escape the « money is what money does » definition. On one side, the "cours legal" shows that the legal definition of currencies is no longer based on the physical appearance of devices but on legal criteria. On the other, the study of the « cours legal » as rules for usage show that a subdivision distinguishes the rules at which currencies must be accepted from those that set the value for which they circulate. This duality can be extended to the understanding of immaterial currencies (scriptural and electronic currencies). Applied to them, the notion of "cours legal" allows to isolate the rules that govern their acceptance as common monies and their value in a cashless society.