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1976
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Maurice Anthony Biot, « New chemical thermodynamics of open systems. Thermobaric potential, a new concept », Bulletins de l'Académie Royale de Belgique, ID : 10.3406/barb.1976.58084
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A fundamentally new approach to the chemical thermodynamics of open systems is presented. It is based on a new concept referred to here as the thermobaric potential. The usual difficulties associated with open systems are eliminated by considering a closed system where supply cells provide matter transferred internally. The procedure requires only mechanical and calorimetric concepts. Use of statistical mechanics or Nernst's theorem is completely avoided without leading to Gibbs's paradox. A new chemical potential is obtained as well as new and completely general expressions for the affinity and heat of reaction in terms of mechanical and calorimetric measurements. The heat of reaction is defined in a new way which excludes the heat of mixing and is more representative of the chemical energy than the current definition. Application to perfect gasses yields classical results with great clarity and simplicity.