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1990
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Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan, « Un barde, des scribes, et la geste du Songhay... », Cahiers d'Études africaines, ID : 10.3406/cea.1990.1622
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J.-P. Olivier de Sardan—A Bard, Scribes and the Songhai Epie. Can an ideology of ethnie authenticity, which takes local beliefs in magie to be a form of 'resistance' against Islam, serve to set the 'Islamic culture' of scribes and Arabie chronicles at odds with the 'traditional Songhai culture' conveyed by bards and griots"} Thomas Hale's attempt to set up this opposition is critieized. Empiri-cal data fit better a distinction between scholarly Islam and a syncretic popular culture (itself a mixture of Islamic references and more or less transformed 'traditional' beliefs).