Domaine et objet de la sémiotique [Scope and aims of semiotics]

Résumé En

In the context of the semiotic field, the author first defines the functional area of message exchange and the structural area of subjacent sign systems, each of which implies the other. He then goes on to set out the criteria which enable one to make a classification of signs in a synchronic perspective from an extrinsic viewpoint — i.e. from the point of view of communications functions — as well as from an intrinsic standpoint — from the point of view of their structure. (The possibility of a diachronic form of classification if not entered into.) First the criteria which would probably be useful in an extrinsic synchronic sign classification system are set out in the framework of a simple communication model consisting of a transmitter and a receiver linked by various channels transmitting a coded message within a given context. With reference to the codifier, i.e. the transmitter, the author distinguishes between transmitters consisting of inorganic objects (natural or manufactured) and of terrestrial (men and animals) or extraterrestrial organic objects, as well as between these and transmitters consisting in part or in entirety of an organism. When speaking of the transmitter-receiver unit, he distinguishes animal communication from human communication, which can be intra-, inter- or pluri-personal. Dealing next with the channels, he distinguishes between matter-channels and energy-channels. With regard to the overall features of the pattern, he differentiates between human and animal communication with or without the use of an instrument as medium bringing into play signs produced either by the subject himself or by means of an instrument. Finally, he remarks that superior organised beings, including man, enjoy the ability to use several semiotic systems simultaneously. An intrinsic synchronic system of sign classification brings one back to the problem of the sign and the relationship between content and expression. This is the concern of semantics, a field of study which poses two fundamental questions concerning the reference of a «token» and the meaning of a «type» (to use Peirce's terminology) and the distinction to be made between relationships of references and of designation. Proceeding from these notions, the author sets out a sign classification system or, to be more precise, a system for classifying the superior aspects of signs which are used to refer to them and which differentiates signals, symptoms, syndromes, icons, indexes, symbols and names.