1992-1999 - de l'économie administrée à l'économie de marché : envers et contre tout, une mue réussie

Résumé En

1992­1999 ­ from administered to market economy : a success, after all. The ten years of Eltsin reign are seen by most Russians as a period of economic disorder and disaster. And yet, they are years of deep transformation, by which Russia became an emerging country integrated with the rest of the world. The present paper draws up the list of characteristics of the pre­existing Soviet economy. It shows how major reforms have been implemented by Eltsin­headed governments, under the well­known banner “ liberalization , privatization , stabilization ”. Simultaneously , these reforms have been fiercely opposed by conservative politicians, leading to a chaotic evolution alternating forward and backward movements. As a result of this creeping opposition, transformations – and specifically the reduction of enterprise subsidies resulting in a growing budget deficit – were insufficient to avoid a major crisis in 1998 ; this shock gave way to some counter­reform measures, which were repealed after a few months so that the general market orientation of Russia was confirmed by Putin.