Ustavnopravno varstvo manjšinskih narodnih skupnosti v Sloveniji

Résumé Sl En

Avtor poudarja, da je ustavnopravno varstvo manjšinskih narodnih skupnosti v Sloveniji nesimetrično, saj uživajo najbolj celovito varstvo najmanj številne narodne skupnosti. Pri tem razčlenjuje razloge za razlikovanje med t. i. avtohtonimi narodnimi skupnostmi, zlasti italijansko in madžarsko in drugimi, novodobnimi oziroma tistimi, katerih nastajanje je spodbudila šele osamosvojitev Slovenije. Italijani in Madžari živijo v Sloveniji kot avtohtono prebivalstvo, ki na narodno mešanih območjih prebiva že dolga stoletja in jih zato ni mogoče imeti za priseljence. Poleg tega njihovo posebno ustavnopravno varstvo, ki ga je Slovenija ohranila tudi v veljavni ustavi, tako na individualni kot kolektivni ravni in je razčlenjeno in poglobljeno utemeljeno v številnih odločbah Ustavnega sodišča, pa ne pomeni, da se v samostojni Sloveniji italijanska in madžarska narodna skupnost ne srečujeta z resnimi težavami, ki ogrožajo ne le njihov razvoj, temveč tudi obstoj. Velik upad njunih predstavnikom, registriran s popisom v letu 2002 ter finančne in druge težave pri zagotavljanju delovanja njihovih institucij, so privedle celo do protestnega odstopa poslanca Roberta Battellija s funkcije predsednika matične parlamentarne komisije za narodne skupnosti. Posebno varstvo Romov je v Sloveniji novejšega datuma (od. 1989. leta) in je v zadnjih letih doživelo dograditev z izvolitvijo njihovih predstavnikov v občinske svete tistih občin, v katerih živijo kot avtohtono prebivalstvo. Njihovi problemi so zelo resni, standard njihovega prebivalstva pa pogosto pod minimalno ravnjo, ki jo lahko pričakujemo od relativno dobro razvite evropske države, kot je Slovenija. Na normativni ravni ni bila realizirana ustavna določba o posebnem (globalnem) zaščitnem zakonu. Na praktični ravni pa prihaja do izpadov nestrpnosti, konfliktov in pojavov agresivne odbojnosti večinskega prebivalstva do Romov. Nerazumevanje, predsodki in stereotipi, ki se vlečejo še iz časa II. svetovne vojne, se izražajo v zvezi z nemško govorečo manjšino v Sloveniji. Odprto poglavje so za zdaj novo nastajajoče narodne skupnosti prebivalcev, ki imajo korenine v drugih republikah nekdanje jugoslovanske federacije. Šele ko bo to poglavje napisano, bo zaokrožena narodna politika osamosvojene Slovenije. Njihov status velja poglobljeno analizirati in celovito urediti, na kar vse pogosteje opozarjajo domači raziskovalci in evropski forumi, ki se ukvarjajo z varstvom človekovih in manjšinskih pravic.

The author emphasizes the constitutional protection of national minority rights in Slovenia is asymmetric due to the fact that the most comprehensive constitutional protection is given to the smallest national minorities. Making this assertion, the author goes on to analyse the reasoning behind distinguishing between the so-called autochthonal national minorities, especially Italian and Hungarian, on the one hand and others, new-era minorities, whose development was prompted only with the Slovenian independence on the other. Italians and Hungarians are living in Slovenia as autochthonal residents who have been living for centuries in nationally mixed regions and cannot be considered as immigrants. Besides that, their special constitutional protection was already given by the 1974 Constitution. Full constitutional protection which Slovenia maintained in a new Constitution from 1991, on both the individual and collective level, is analyzed and deeply substantiated in numerous decisions of the Slovenian Constitutional Court. However, that does not mean that in the independent Slovenian State the Italian and Hungarian national minorities are not faced with some serious difficulties which threaten not only their progress but also their very existence. A considerable decrease in their population, registered by the 2002 census, coupled with serious financial and other difficulties with the functioning of their institutions resulted in the protest resignation from the office by Mr. Roberto Battelli, the president of the Parliamentary Commission for national minorities. Special protection of Roma in Slovenia can be considered as a new constitutional category and has in the last few years already experienced completion with the election of their representatives to Community Councils in those communities in which Roma live as autochthonal residents. Problems they face are serious, and their living standard is often below a minimum level that can be expected from a relatively developed European state such as Slovenia. On a normative level, the constitutional provision on special (global) statutory protection for Roma has still not been realized. On a practical level there are some cases on intolerance, conflicts and aggression from the national majority directed toward Roma. Lack of understanding, prejudices and stereotypes that are understood as a continuation from the period of the World War II are being expressed due to the German speaking minority in Slovenia. Open chapter represents new national groups of residents which have roots in the republics of the former Yugoslav federation. Until this chapter will be fully written, the Slovenian national independence politics will be rounded up. Their status should be carefully analyzed and fully regulated. This is something that is frequently warned by domestic researchers and European forums dealing with human rights and minority rights protection.