Kontinuiteta s pomanjkljivostmi: novi Madžarski temeljni zakon

Résumé Sl En

Novi Madžarski temeljni zakon je stopil v veljavo 1. januarja 2012. Avtorja v članku pokažeta, da vsebina Temeljnega zakona povečini izhaja iz prejšnje demokratične liberalne ustave, vendar je njegova retorika konzervativno krščansko historicistična. Temeljni zakon in prehodne določbe (sprejete posebej) imajo kljub temu nekaj vsebinskih pomankljivosti, kot je na primer omejevanje pristojnosti ustavnega sodišča, odpustitev pooblaščenca za varstvo podatkov in predsednika vrhovnega sodišča, pristojnost vodje sodne uprave in vrhovnega tožilca, da za vsako zadevo izbereta sodišče, možnost doživljenjskega zapora in pretirana uporaba kardinalnih (organskih) zakonov. Te vsebine bodisi kršijo splošna načela ustavništva ali pa Evropske unije in mednarodnopravnih obveznosti. Nekaj pomankljivosti je mogoče razrešiti z ustvarjalnim razlaganjem, če bo madžarsko ustavno sodišče sprejelo to vlogo varuha evropskih ustavnih vrednot.

On 18 April 2011 The Hungarian Parliament approved the country’s new Constitution, named the ‘Basic Law of Hungary’. Its transitory provisions were approved in a different act of the Parliament, on 30 December 2011. Both acts entered into force on 1 January 2012. The article’s main thesis is that most of the Basic Law’s content stems from the previous democratic liberal Constitution, but that the rhetoric has changed into a conservative Christian historicising one. There are, however, also some substantive deficiencies in the new Basic Law and its transitory provisions, such as the curtailing of the competences of the Constitutional Court, the dismissal of the Data Protection Commissioner and of the President of the Supreme Court, the ability of the head of the judicial administration and of the Chief Prosecutor to choose a court for any court proceeding, the possibility of a lifelong prison sentence and the exaggerated use of cardinal (organic) laws. These either breach general principles of constitutionalism, or European Union and international law obligations. Some of these deficiencies can be resolved by means of creative interpretation, if the Hungarian Constitutional Court accepts his task as the guardian of European Constitutional values.