Illegal Caravan Trade and Outlaw Armed Escorts in the Qing Dynasty: Critical Analysis of Two 18th Century Memorials
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6 février 2023
- doi: 10.58079/oha6
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
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Trade Commercial trade Foreign trade Measures Companies Partnership--Law and legislation Commemorations Advance guards Sentinels Picket duty Patrols Outposts Rulers Sovereigns 18th century Trade Businesses Firms Companies Enterprises Business organizations Organizations, Business Trade Methods of analysis Analysis and chemistry Analytical methods Chemical analysis Analysis methods Analysis and examinationCiter ce document
MJF, « Illegal Caravan Trade and Outlaw Armed Escorts in the Qing Dynasty: Critical Analysis of Two 18th Century Memorials », European Research Centre for Chinese Studies, ID : 10.58079/oha6
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by Laurent Chircop-Reyes (CEFC, associated CECMC and IrAsia) Cases of attacks on merchants by brigands abound in the official reports of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Successive emperors ordered local governors to solve the brigandage problem. Apart from imperial measures intensifying military patrols in certain areas where brigandage was endemic at varying degrees, merchants (especially those from Shanxi Province) hired private escort companies (biaoju 鏢局) to ensure caravan protection durin...