La théorie de la noyade émotive virtuelle : une théorisation ancrée sur le processus de recherche d’aide d’adolescents à risque de suicide

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De plus en plus d’adolescents à risque de suicide se tournent vers les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) pour chercher de l’aide. Or, à ce jour, aucune étude n’a exploré le processus de recherche d’aide par les TIC chez des adolescents à risque de suicide. Afin de pallier cette situation, une étude par théorisation ancrée a été menée afin de comprendre le processus de recherche d’aide par les TIC des adolescents ayant un risque suicidaire pour trouver des ressources concernant le suicide. La collecte de données a été effectuée à partir d’entrevues individuelles semi-structurées, d’un questionnaire sur la recherche d’aide par les TIC et d’observations d’une recherche d’aide réelle via les TIC par les adolescents de l’étude. Un n de 15 adolescents âgés de 13 à 17 ans a été atteint par saturation théorique. Les résultats ont permis l’émergence de la théorie de la noyade émotive virtuelle. Cette théorie permet d’abord de mieux comprendre le contexte initial de cette recherche d’aide, soit l’état du jeune, l’environnement social, les facteurs aggravants ainsi que le désir d’utiliser les TIC. Elle permet aussi de comprendre les différentes stratégies par les TIC utilisées par les jeunes (se distraire, s’informer, se dévoiler et aider les autres) ainsi que les conséquences engendrées (la croissance émotive, l’obtention d’aide, le soulagement temporaire, aucun changement, l’exacerbation des idées suicidaires ou le passage à l’acte). Des recommandations pour la clinique, la formation et la recherche sont ensuite émises.

The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for help-seeking is becoming more and more common for adolescents at risk of suicide.Objectives The aim of this current study was to better understand the help-seeking process of adolescents at risk for suicide.Methods A grounded theory methodology was used to describe the experience of adolescents at risk of suicide and gain a deeper understanding of their ICT help-seeking process. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, an ICT help-seeking questionnaire and live observations of ICT help-seeking strategies by the adolescents of this study. Theoretical saturation was reached with a total of 15 adolescents, aged 13 to 17, at risk of suicide.Results The grounded theory that emerged gravitated towards the fact that adolescents chose to virtually deal with emotional drowning. A specific context allowed this central category to emerge and included the adolescents’ state, their personal triggers, their social environment as well as their desire to use ICT. The ICT strategies used by the adolescents to deal with their emotional drowning were to distract themselves, to get informed, to reveal themselves or to help others. Adolescents in this study used different ways to distract themselves with ICT. This included reading texts, watching online videos, listening to music and playing games. They also increased their literacy by informing themselves on suicide and mental health problems. However, many adolescents also searched for ways to help them commit suicide. Although most of the results were suicide prevention related, the keywords used by the adolescents remain preoccupying. Revealing their thoughts and their feelings about their emotional state seemed to be easier through ICT. They sometimes chose to reveal themselves anonymously but most of the time, they revealed themselves to use ICT to friends they already had in real life. Also, helping friends through ICT seemed to be very rewarding and helpful to the adolescents of our study even when they were in a state of emotional drowning. These different strategies to virtually deal with their emotional drowning hindered many different consequences which were to grow emotionally, to get help, to get temporary relief, to stay indifferent, to worsen their suicidal thoughts or to attempt suicide.Conclusion Although some negative consequences of ICT emerge from this study, a great deal of the consequences was positive and helpful for these adolescents. Overall, this study shows that ICT offer great opportunities for adolescent suicide prevention. Implications for practice, training and research are further discussed.