18 décembre 2024
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Nicolas Belorgey et al., « Identifying 1.4 Billion Indians Biometrically? Corporate World, State, and Civil Society », HAL SHS (Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société), ID : 10.18278/inpp.4.2.4
In 2009, India embarked on a scheme for the biometric identification of its people. This project was conceived by IT companies based in Bengaluru. The programme’s main architect, Nandan Nilekani, was in fact the head of one of these firms. The idea behind the project was to use digital technology—and the data it enables to collect—for economic ends. But to register the entire Indian population, the State had to be persuaded to be involved in the project, later named as “Aadhaar.” The rationale that secured the government’s engagement was mostly financial: using Aadhaar would help disburse aid to the poor while minimizing “leakages” caused by corruption and duplicates among beneficiaries. Yet possessing an Aadhaar number gradually became necessary for a number of other things, too, including tax payment. When approached to rule on this matter, the Supreme Court of India dragged its feet and did not seek to decisively protect people’s privacy. The law eventually passed—five years later—did not protect it either. As for the avowed aim of the scheme itself, Aadhaar did not improve the quality of the services rendered to the poor and ushered rather a retrenchment in social policies. Its economic impact, too, remains to be proven. It could be either the slow development of a data-driven economy or just another bubble.