20 mai 2025
David H. CAMDEN, « The Cosmological Doctors of Classical Greece : First Principles in Early Greek Medicine », Système d'information en philosophie des sciences, ID : 10670/1.9eb7b5...
The so-called “Hippocratic” medical treatises, written in Greek from the fifth century BC onwards, form a heterogeneous corpus with different authors, dates and themes. One of the main dividing lines running through this corpus is between treatises that adopt a cosmological perspective on their subject and those that refuse to do so. The first integrate reflection on the health of the human body with more general reflection on the order of the world, turning the former into a microcosm in the image of the latter. David H. Camden’s book is devoted to this category of “cosmological doctors”. It focuses on the authors of the fifth and fourth centuries who, according to the definition used, endeavoured to “base the art of healing on the first principles of all things” (p. 1). In particular, the book looks at four Hippocratic treatises renowned for their cosmological approach to medicine, namely On the Nature of the Human Being (chap. 2), On Breaths (chap. 3), On Flesh (chap. 5), On Regimen (chap. 6), as well as on three “secondhand reports” (chap. 1) giving us information on the medical conceptions defended by these authors, namely the treatise of the Anonymus Londiniensis, the speech of Eryximachus in Plato’s Symposium and the treatise On Ancient Medicine.Camden’s study seeks to reintegrate the contributions of these “cosmological physicians” into the internal dynamics of medical science at the time. This perspective means, on the one hand, emphasising the coherence of the Hippocratic corpus rather than its disparity. He thus shows that the principles of cosmological medicine never replace the more widely accepted explanations of the causes of disease, and even that the most original and surprising contributions of these treatises are best understood in the light of traditional conceptions of human physiology. The perspective adopted by the author entails, on the other hand, if not contesting, at least relegating to the background the influence of the “enquiries into nature” (περὶ φύσεως ἱστορία), developed by the Ionian philosophers since Thales and Anaximander in particular, on these doctors. Although he acknowledges that this type of treatise would probably never have existed without a prior tradition of cosmological speculation (which provided them with a specific method and vocabulary), Camden nevertheless argues that its authority is not sufficient to account for the emergence of “cosmological doctors” — as if the latter had merely followed an intellectual trend. Rather, his study seeks to uncover the internal changes in medical preoccupations during the fifth and fourth centuries in order to understand what made it necessary to resort to cosmological doctrines. In particular, Camden stresses the growing interest at this time in the search for generalities: the regularity of certain pathogenic factors, the systematic effects of certain therapeutic substances, the common points of the many testimonies of illnesses, etc. From a clinical point of view, this search for generalities enabled doctors to go beyond the analysis of individual cases and to treat more effectively; from an epistemological point of view, it enabled them to base their knowledge on more stable general principles. This is what he calls the “cosmological impulse” of these doctors (chap. 4), and explains their emergence.L. M.