MaaS unmasked: how local leaders think they are resisting (and are thereby accelerating) the neoliberalisation of transport policies

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Digitalisation and servitisation are concurrently opening novel opportunities for new types of personal transport services. For example, taxi and rental cars and conventional bus lines face the boom of Uber and other ridehailing services Smith et al. (2018) underline that the term mobility as a service (MaaS) was primarily introduced in 2014 in a Finnish master’s thesis. This concept rapidly spread after its presentation to the 10th ITS European Conference and ended in addressing a global disruption of multiple mobilities, including car uses (ridehailing, car-pooling), public transport and active mobilities. Broadly speaking, MaaS now means a user-centric approach of mobility production and an interest in behavioural change in everyday practices, the developmentof interoperative ticketing solutions based on data and application programming interfaces, in a context of rising corporate mobility connected with various public frameworks and incentives (Karjalainen, 2021).