The Acropolis of Athens is one of the most famous places on earth, visited by over a million people every year, and instantly recognisable by millions more who know it only from pictures. With posters and postcards displayed in every street kiosk and hotel lobby in Athens, and countless images encou...

15. Metaphors of Intellectual Property

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2010)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

Note portant sur l’auteurIn this essay, I discuss the main metaphors within which intellectual property has historically been conceptualised, presented, and debated in England; in the United Kingdom of Great Britain (1707); the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801); and the United Kingd...

That Greece Might Still Be Free

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

When in 1821, the Greeks rose in violent revolution against the rule of the Ottoman Turks, waves of sympathy spread across Western Europe and the United States. More than a thousand volunteers set out to fight for the cause. The Philhellenes, whether they set out to recreate the Athens of Pericles,...

Illustrations

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

CoverLord Byron dreaming of Greek freedom. From a lithograph by Adam Friedel in the Gennadios Library, Athens.FrontispieceLord Byron as Philhellenic soldier. Lithograph, allegedly sketched from the life, published in London by Friedel in February, 1825, private collection.1. Greece before the Revolu...

Acknowledgements

Autres

William St Clair (2008)

Autres

I should like to record my gratitude to Dr. Francis Walton of the Gennadios Library, Athens, who has helped me in innumerable ways while I have been working on this book. Special thanks are also due to Mrs. Niemöller and the staff of the German Institute in London who scoured the libraries of German...

1 The Outbreak

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

The Turks of Greece left few traces. They disappeared suddenly and finally in the spring of 1821 unmourned and unnoticed by the rest of the world. Years later, when travellers asked about the heaps of stones, the old men would explain, ’There stood the tower of Ali Aga, and there we slew him, his ha...

2 The Return of the Ancient Helleness

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

Shortly after the outbreak of the Revolution, one of the local Greek leaders In the Peloponnese, who was also a member of the conspiracy, issued a manifesto to the governments and peoples of Europe. A few extracts will give an indication of the style.Reduced to a condition so pitiable, deprived of e...

3 The Regiment

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

Indications that violence had broken out in Greece began to reach Western Europe when ships called at Marseilles, Trieste, and Ancona to buy arms and ammunition. Then letters arrived from Greeks at the scene of war and travellers hurried back with their impressions. The newspapers circulated such sc...

4 Two Kinds of War

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

The Greeks who had actually carried out the killings that made the Revolution possible had little sympathy with the Greeks from overseas and their Frankish colleagues who assumed so readily that they would take over the leadership. They disliked their Western manners and Western clothes and the fact...

5 The Cause of Greece, the Cause of Europe

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

The news from Greece was reported throughout Western Europe, usually two months late. There was no means of following events in detail and reports had often to be revised later. The reaction of the public in the different countries of Europe is difficult to judge. The means by which opinion could be...

6 The Road to Marseilles

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

Between November 1821 and August 1822 eight shiploads of volunteers left Marseilles for Greece. Over two hundred men took passage in these specially chartered vessels; others went independently, paying their own passage. They came from all parts of Europe: France, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland...

7 Chios

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

During the early months of 1822, although the news reaching Western Europe from Greece remained overwhelmingly slanted in the Greek favour, a few disturbing reports could also be heard, mingled with the propaganda. The massacres at Navarino, Tripolitsa, and elsewhere could not be denied. Explanation...

8 The Battalion of Philhellenes

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

The eight shiploads of volunteers from Marseilles reached Greece at roughly monthly intervals beginning in November 1821. Other volunteers continued to arrive independently. They landed at different places, at Navarino, Calamata, Missolonghi, Monemvasia, and elsewhere. One party mistakenly put in to...

9 The Battle of Peta

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

By the early summer of 1822 the Greek Revolution had cost the lives of upwards of 50,000 Turks, Greeks, Albanians, Jews, and others. Many more had been reduced to slavery or misery. Only a tiny minority had been killed in direct combat with the enemy. The Greek War of Independence hitherto was hardl...

10 The Triumph of the Captains

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

While Mavrocordato, the Regiment, and the Philhellene Battalion were on their disastrous expedition to Epirus in the summer of 1822, the main Turkish invasion from the north-east was under way at the other side of Greece. Almost all outbreaks of revolution north of Thessaly had by now been ruthlessl...

11 The Return Home

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

Of the eight expeditions of individual Philhellenes which sailed from Marseilles in 1821 and 1822 five arrived in Greece in time for the disastrous battle of Peta in July 1822. The sixth arrived in time for a few members to reach Missolonghi and meet the survivors. The last three expeditions, contai...

12 The German Legion

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

One of the disillusioned German Philhellenes on his way to a new career as an exile in the United States records that on two occasions in the Peloponnese he was told a curious story. It was being said that two regiments of Swiss troops were on the way to help Greece, and that when they had finally e...

13 Knights and Crusaders

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

The need for money in Greece was now desperate. In the early months of the Revolution much of the country’s disposable wealth (such as it was) had been consumed. In the first flush of enthusiasm voluntary loans had been raised, then forced loans. The overseas Greeks had willingly contributed and loa...

14 Secrets of State

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

Next to the General Post Office in Lombard Street in the City of London was a suite of offices with an inconspicuous door into Abchurch Lane. It consisted of three rooms, in one of which the fires and candles were never allowed to go out. The staff lived on the premises and, apart from them, only th...

15 Enter the British

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

One of the surprising features of the history of philhellenism during the Greek War of Independence is the slowness of the response in Britain. English literature had a long philhellenic tradition and the British people had a long tradition of espousing causes abroad, yet in 1821 and 1822 Britain wa...

16 Lord Byron Joins the Cause

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

The first success of the London Greek Committee was to recruit Lord Byron to its membership. He is the most famous and the most interesting Philhellene by such a large margin that it is now difficult to appreciate how much his expedition to Greece was a result of accident.As usual Edward Blaquiere p...

17 ’To Bring Freedom and Knowledge to Greece’

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

The small caucus of ambitious men who directed the activities of the London Greek Committee took the grand view of their responsibilities. Whereas Greek Societies on the Continent had modestly and hopefully proclaimed their aim as to assist in the liberation of Greece from the Turks, the British Phi...

18 Arrivals at Missolonghi

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

The Internal Greek political scene into which the British Philhellenes had so confidently thrust themselves was, as usual, complex and the temptation for the newcomer to see the situation in Western terms was as strong as ever. The Italian revolutionaries who joined the Regiment Baleste in 1821 had...

19 The Byron Brigade

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

By his first ceremonial appearance at Missolonghi in his scarlet uniform Byron had indicated that he saw his role in Greece as a military one. Before he had left the Ionian Islands he had even set about hiring a private army. The Albanian Suliotes had been spared by the Turks after Mavrocordato’s di...

20 Essays in Regeneration

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

William St Clair (2008)

Livres et chapitres d'ouvrages

While Lord Byron was attempting to establish a military force at Missolonghi, the other agent of the London Greek Committee, Colonel Stanhope, continued to play his self-appointed role of the apostle of utilitarianism. The dogmatic self-assurance which had enabled him to impress and overawe the vast...