L'élaboration de la halakha après la destruction du Second Temple

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The Elaboration of the Halakha after the Destruction of the Second Temple. A. Oppenheimer. The destruction of the Temple in 70 of the common era resulted in the impossibility to observe the prescriptions related to the Temple, beginning with the laws regarding sacrifices, an important part of those concerning purity of which many were linked to the holiness of the Temple, as well as most of the prescriptions concerning the holidays. The legislative work of the leading institutions established at Yavné, based upon an evolutive process already begun at the end of the period of the Second Temple, allowed the adaptation of the Nation to the new circumstances. While the orders of Rabbi Yohanna ben Zakkaï (between 70 and 96) principally concern the holidays and religious institutions transferred from the Temple to the synagogue, those of Rabbi Gamliel (between 96 and 115) cover the fields of economy and society. Among those orders, certain aim at preserving Jewish ownership of the land; others, when it is not possible to maintain the pluralism customary during the Temple period, aim at excluding from the normative community, marginals or dissidents, such as the judeo-Christians, the amei-ha-aretz or the Samaritans. The adaptation of the judeo-religious system to the new conditions which appeared after the destruction of the Temple were manifested by the development of oral law, which made compilation and organisation necessary and, in the beginning of the 3rd century, resulted in the writing of the Michna.