Perfect Psalms for Perfect Men: The Use of Lollard Biblical Translations in Middle English Vernacular Preaching

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The process of translating the Bible into vernacular English is traditionally considered to have been gradual and fragmentary. Standard accounts focus on the Tyndale Bible (16th century) and summarize the medieval tradition as a kind of prelude to this work. Some famous or legendary translations and translators before Tyndale may be acknowledged: Caedmon’s biblical poems (late 7th century), Aldhelm’s translation of the Psalms (c.700), or Bede’s lost translation of the Gospel of John (sometimes before his death in 735). Another favourite is Alfred the Great, who oversaw the translation of the Psalms and Exodus, and the translation of the Gospels known as the Wessex Gospels (c.990). Mention might also be made of the Old English Hexateuch (11th century) and the late translation copied in the Eadwine Psalter, alongside the French one. However, scholars rarely connect this Old English translation and the roots of modern works, which are essentially presented as stemming from Wycliffe and the Lollards.

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